References

¹ US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2012 March 30;61(SS03);1-19.

² Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee. 2011 IACC Strategic Plan for Autism Spectrum Disorder Research. January 2011. Retrieved from the Department of Health and Human Services Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee website.

^3,8,19 Office of Autism Research Coordination, National Institute of Mental Health, on behalf of the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). 2010 IACC Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Portfolio Analysis Report. July 2012. Retrieved from the Department of Health and Human Services Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee website.

^4,25,30 Jones BF, Wuchty S, Uzzi B. Multi-university research teams: shifting impact, geography, and stratification in science. Science. 2008 Nov 21;322(5905):1259-62.

^5,26,31 Wuchty S, Jones BF, Uzzi B. The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge. Science. 2007 May 18; 316 (5827), 1036-1039.

⁶ Office of Autism Research Coordination, National Institute of Mental Health, on behalf of the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). 2008 IACC Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Portfolio Analysis Report. 2009. Retrieved from the Department of Health and Human Services Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee website.

⁷ Office of Autism Research Coordination, National Institute of Mental Health & Acclaro Research Solutions, Inc., on behalf of the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). 2009 IACC Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Portfolio Analysis Report. June 2011. Retrieved from the Department of Health and Human Services Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee website.

⁹ Simons Foundation. SFARI Gene Website. Accessed on June 20, 2012.

¹⁰ Betancur C. Etiological heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: more than 100 genetic and genomic disorders and still counting. Brain Res. 2011 Mar 22;1380:42-77.

^11,12 Geschwind DH. Genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011 Sep;15(9):409-16.

¹³ Hertz-Picciotto I, Croen LA, Hansen R, Jones CR, van Water J, Pessah IN. The CHARGE study: an epidemiologic investigation of genetic and environmental factors contributing to autism. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:1119–1125.

¹⁴ LaSalle JM. A genomic point-of-view on environmental factors influencing the human brain methylome. Epigenetics. 2011 Jul;6(7):862-9.

¹⁵ Gropman AL, Batshaw ML. Epigenetics, copy number variation, and other molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disabilities: new insights and diagnostic approaches. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010 Sep;31(7):582-91.

¹⁶ Lovaas, O. Ivar. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1987;55(1):3-9.

¹⁷ Smith T. Outcome of early intervention for children with autism. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 1999;6:33–49.

¹⁸ C. Maurice, G. Green, S.C. Luce (Eds.), Behavioral intervention for young children with autism: A manual for parents and professionals, Pro-Ed, Austin, TX (1996).

^20,21 Costas R and van Leeuwen TN. Approaching the 'Reward Triangle': general analysis of the presence of funding acknowledgments and 'peer interactive communication' in scientific publications. Preprint of article accepted for publication in Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 2012.

²² Bordons M, Gómez I, Fernández MT, Zulueta MA, Méndez A. Local, domestic and international scientific collaboration in biomedical research. Scientometrics. 1996;37:279–295.

²³ Sin, S.-C. J. International coauthorship and citation impact: A bibliometric study of six LIS journals, 1980–2008. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 2011;62:1770–1783.

²⁴ Katz, J., & Hicks, D. How much is a collaboration worth? A calibrated bibliometric model. Scientometrics. 1997;40(3), 541–554.

²⁷ Lee K, Brownstein JS, Mills RG, Kohane IS. Does Collocation Inform the Impact of Collaboration? PLoS ONE. 2010; 5(12): e14279.

²⁸ Moed, H.F. Citation analysis in research evaluation. 2005. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

²⁹ National Science Board. 2012. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012. Arlington, VA: NSB: 12-01.

³² The World Bank. April 2012. World Development Indicators 2012. Data retrieved June 20, 2012, from World Development Indicators (WDI) Online database.

Footnotes

ⁱ The Children's Health Act (CHA) of 2000 established an earlier version of the IACC, but the CAA significantly changed the Committee by specifying membership requirements, mandating several activities and functions, and defining the Committee's role in facilitating public dialogue on matters related to ASD.

ⁱⁱMore information on NIH autism spending can be found at the NIH RePORT Website.

ⁱⁱⁱ Following the Children's Health Act of 2000, CDC's newly-established National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities established the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network.

^iv For the purpose of this report, publications concerning either environment or gene-environment interactions were considered as one category. The categorization algorithm was unable to discriminate accurately between these two related areas. Also, only a relatively small number of these publications specifically address gene by environment interactions (~20 publications in 2010). Please note that in the 2010 IACC ASD Portfolio Analysis Report, Environment and Gene-Environment are tracked separately, as these categories are distinguishable when applying a manual coding approach to research grant portfolios.

^v NIH grant policy details.

^vi Description of funder types: 1) Government includes all public funding (i.e., State, Federal, etc.), 2) Private includes non-profit/philanthropic organizations as well as for-profit industry, 3) University includes all universities, public and private, 4) Hospital includes all hospitals, public and private, 5) Public/private partnership includes funding sources that have significant governmental and private support.

^vii Funding acknowledgments to pharmaceutical companies in the ScienceWire^™ database were manually reviewed to determine whether an acknowledgment indicated direct funding support or a general conflict of interest. Acknowledgments that were deemed conflict of interest statements were not included in this analysis.

^viii Seven publications only acknowledged funding from hospitals and universities. These are included in the total number of publications with funding acknowledgments (870), but not represented in the Venn diagram.

^ix For ease of analysis and figure clarity, all non-US funders, government and private, were grouped together for funding overlap analyses.

^x This group represents a combination of non-US government and non-US private funders.

^xi More information on NIH's Autism Centers of Excellence can be found in the Biennial Report of the NIH Director, 2008-2009.

^xii More state by state details on US health-related Federal research funding provided by the NIH, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) can be found on the Research!America Website.

Appendix I: Methodology For Identifying ASD-Related Research Publications And Supplemental Primary Research Publication Counts

An automated keyword search was used to identify publications that contained the terms "autism," "autistic," "Asperger," or "pervasive developmental disorder" in the journal title, article title, article abstract or article keywords. Publications tagged with the MEDLINE MeSH terms "Asperger syndrome," "autistic disorder," or "child development disorders, pervasive" were also collected and classified as ASD-related. MeSH terms are only present for articles with records in MEDLINE.

The Thomson Reuters ScienceWire^™ Publication Catalog, a central database that includes publication records for both the MEDLINE section of PubMed and the Thomson Reuters Web of Science^® (WoS) was used for this keyword search. For instances in which publication records were identified in both the MEDLINE and WoS databases, a thorough de-duplication algorithm was applied to merge the two records into a single publication record. In cases for which the same record was identified in both databases and resolved to a single publication, WoS data were preferentially presented above MEDLINE data, with missing data points populated using MEDLINE, as available. Several data points are only available from WoS; therefore preferential usage of WoS data presents a more consistent set of data points for analysis. These data points include:

• Citation Counts
• Journal Subject Categories
• Keywords

In the rare instance that the data fields in the two databases were sufficiently different, the same publication may be present multiple times. For example, if a publication has the same title and journal, but different publication dates or authors listed in the two databases, these are reported as two separate publications. It is estimated that this may happen in approximately 1% or fewer of the publications.

MEDLINE and WoS have different indicators for document type. Whereas WoS assigns a single article type to a publication, MEDLINE may assign multiple article types. Publications were classified as primary research, secondary research or meeting abstract based on the general guidelines listed below.

• Publication records classified as "meeting abstract" in the WoS were excluded from this analysis because there was usually insufficient text to indicate a specific category.
• Secondary research articles included:
  • WoS Editorials
  • Articles with the classifications outlined in Table A-4 and all articles from one of 81 specified journals in the WoS that are known to publish primarily secondary research articles (Table A-5).
• All other articles were considered primary research.

Regardless of whether analyses included the combined categories of primary and secondary research publications or were restricted to primary research only, very similar trends and distributions of publication output across the Critical Question areas were observed. The following figures include only primary research publications and are companions to Figures 8-11 in the body of the report, which demonstrate combined primary and secondary research publication output. For example, Figure A-27 draws from the same data set as Figure 8; however, Figure A-27 plots primary research publication counts by Critical Question area, whereas Figure 8 plots the combined counts of primary and secondary research publications.

Growth in ASD Primary Research Publications by Critical Question Area, 1981 to 2010

Figure A-27. Growth in ASD Primary Research Publications by Critical Question Area, 1981 to 2010. The growth trends in primary research publication output by Critical Question areas of autism research over the past 30 years illustrate very similar patterns as Figure 8, which plots the combined output of primary and secondary research publications by Critical Question area. Each data point represents a five-year average of the number of annual autism publications.

Number and Fold Growth of ASD Primary Research Publications from 2000 to 2010

Figure A-28. Number and Fold Growth of ASD Primary Research Publications from 2000 to 2010. This figure illustrates number (top left) and fold growth (bottom right) of primary research publications within the Critical Question areas since 2000. Recent primary research publication growth trends are very similar to growth of combined primary and secondary research trends illustrated in Figure 9. Both show that while Biology maintains the largest proportion of publications, other areas are growing at least as quickly, including Infrastructure and Surveillance, Services, and Lifespan Issues.

Primary Research Publication Output and Trends in Subcategories of Autism Risk Factor Research

Figure A-29. Primary Research Publication Output and Trends in Subcategories of Autism Risk Factor Research. The pie graph (top) illustrates relative proportions of primary research articles published in 2010 in three subcategories of ASD Risk Factor research and the line graph (bottom) shows the increase in number of publications in each subcategory over time from 1980 to 2010. Similar to the distribution of both primary and secondary research publications illustrated in Figure 10, Genetic Risk Factors research had the greatest number and proportion of publications, followed by Environmental Risk Factors and then Epigenetics.

Primary Research Publication Output and Trends in Subcategories of Autism Treatments and Interventions Research

Figure A-30. Primary Research Publication Output and Trends in Subcategories of Autism Treatments and Interventions Research. The pie graph (top) illustrates relative proportions of primary research articles published in 2010 on seven subcategories of ASD Treatments and Interventions research and the line graph (bottom) shows the change in number of publications in each subcategory over time, from 1980 to 2010. Similar to the combined distribution of primary and secondary Treatments and Interventions research publications illustrated in Figure 11, the most prolific areas of primary research include Behavioral, Technology-Based Interventions and Supports, Medical/Pharmacological, and Educational interventions.

Table A-4. Web of Science^® and MEDLINE Article Types Classified as Secondary Articles

Table A-5. Journals in which All Publications Were Classified as Secondary Research

Appendix II: Automated Categorization of ASD Publications (1980-2009)

Manual assignment of the more than 20,000 ASD related publications between the years of 1980 to 2009 to the seven IACC Strategic Plan Critical Question areas would have required significant effort and resources. As a proxy for this manual review, publications were assigned using the semi-automated k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm.

As a first step in this approach, subject matter experts reviewed all of the 2010 ASD publications and manually assigned them to different research areas and subcategories based on the titles and abstracts of the specific publication. ASD publications from 1980 to 2009 ("prior publications") were then categorized based on their similarity to the previously classified 2010 publications. Prior publications were compared to 2010 publications and assigned a similarity score based on a modified Okapi BM25 algorithm. These publications were assigned to the category of the mode of the 25 publications from 2010 with the highest similarity scores. This approach to categorize publications was chosen because of the performance as well as accuracy and ease of use. Initial tests for automated categorization using other algorithms including Naïve Bayesian, supervised Latent Dirichlet, Boosting and Tree algorithms, all showed accuracy of much less than 70%.

While some publications naturally span multiple research categories, each publication is assigned to only one category for ease of tracking and trend analyses. Using this approach errs on the side of potentially underestimating the volume of research in some categories.

Appendix III: Web of Science^® Journal Subject Categories

Journal Subject Category: Journals indexed in Web of Science are manually assigned to a Journal Subject Category based on an assessment of the applicable research field. These subject categories are used in the Journal Citation Reports®. Under this scheme, journals may be classified under more than one of the over 270 subject categories, and a given journal may be assigned to multiple categories to reflect the diverse nature of literature it publishes. Every article within a given journal inherits the subject category of the journal itself. To establish an appropriate and informative comparison group, the current ASD publications analysis used Journal Subject Categories to identify publications that are similar in discipline to those within the ASD publication portfolio.

The distribution of ASD publications by Journal Subject Category is presented in Table A-6 below. These Journal Subject Categories were used to establish a baseline for comparing the growth of ASD publications since 1980. For this comparison, the total publications within these Journal Subject Categories in each year was multiplied by the total ASD publications in 1980, then divided by the total publications within the Journal Subject Categories in 1980. The resulting values indicate the expected number of ASD publications based on the rate of growth within the comparable Journal Subject Categories.

Table A-6. Comparison Group: Journal Subject Categories Comprising 75% of ASD Publications Since 1980

Deluxe Journal Subject Category	Number of ASD Related Publications	Percent of Total	Cumulative Percent
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Psychology, Developmental	Number of ASD Related Publications 6,066	Percent of Total 15%	Cumulative Percent 15%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Psychiatry	Number of ASD Related Publications 5,470	Percent of Total 13%	Cumulative Percent 28%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Neurosciences	Number of ASD Related Publications 3,782	Percent of Total 9%	Cumulative Percent 38%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Clinical Neurology	Number of ASD Related Publications 2,866	Percent of Total 7%	Cumulative Percent 45%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Rehabilitation	Number of ASD Related Publications 2,627	Percent of Total 6%	Cumulative Percent 51%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Pediatrics	Number of ASD Related Publications 2,251	Percent of Total 6%	Cumulative Percent 57%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Genetics & Heredity	Number of ASD Related Publications 1,963	Percent of Total 5%	Cumulative Percent 62%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Education, Special	Number of ASD Related Publications 1,948	Percent of Total 5%	Cumulative Percent 66%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Psychology, Clinical	Number of ASD Related Publications 1,242	Percent of Total 3%	Cumulative Percent 69%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Psychology	Number of ASD Related Publications 1,037	Percent of Total 3%	Cumulative Percent 72%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Behavioral Sciences	Number of ASD Related Publications 901	Percent of Total 2%	Cumulative Percent 74%
Deluxe Journal Subject Category Psychology, Experimental	Number of ASD Related Publications 748	Percent of Total 2%	Cumulative Percent 76%

Appendix IV: Web of Science^® Citation Data

Citation counts were used in Chapter Two to measure the impact and maturity of the autism research field as well as in Chapter Four to address the impact of collaborations. When appropriate, we used the average field-normalized citation count to ensure that the data were compared adequately between autism and other research fields.

Citations: The citation count is the number of times that a citation has been recorded for a given publication since it was published. Not all citations are recorded since not all publications are indexed. However, the material indexed by Thomson Reuters is estimated to attract about 95% of global citations. The two-year citation counts used in some of the current analyses include only those citations made within 730 days of publication. This limitation allows for comparison across publications that have had different lengths of time to accumulate citations.

Average normalized citation impact/count: Citation rates vary across research fields and from one time period to another. Consequently, analyses must take both field and year into account. In addition, the type of publication will influence the citation count. For this reason, only citation counts of papers of the same document type are used in calculations of citation impact. The standard normalization factor is the world average citations per paper for the year and journal category in which the paper was published. This normalization is also referred to as "rebasing" the citation count.

ON HOLD, NEED TO REVISIT

Appendix V: Full Funder List for 2010 ASD Publications

Funding Organization	Funder Type	Country of Origin	Distinct Publications Acknowledging Funding Organization

Appendix VI: Country Co-Authorship Pairs in 2010 ASD Publications

[ Download Excel version of the table ]

Rank	Countries	Number of Publications
Rank 1	Countries United Kingdom, United States	Number of Publications 40
Rank 2	Countries Canada, United States	Number of Publications 39
Rank 3	Countries Italy, United States	Number of Publications 26
Rank 4	Countries Netherlands, United States	Number of Publications 21
Rank 5	Countries Australia, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 19
Rank 5	Countries France, United States	Number of Publications 19
Rank 7	Countries Germany, United States	Number of Publications 17
Rank 7	Countries Netherlands, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 17
Rank 9	Countries Germany, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 16
Rank 10	Countries Australia, United States	Number of Publications 15
Rank 10	Countries Canada, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 15
Rank 12	Countries China, United States	Number of Publications 14
Rank 13	Countries France, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 13
Rank 13	Countries Sweden, United States	Number of Publications 13
Rank 15	Countries Belgium, Netherlands	Number of Publications 12
Rank 15	Countries Canada, France	Number of Publications 12
Rank 15	Countries Germany, Netherlands	Number of Publications 12
Rank 15	Countries Ireland, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 12
Rank 15	Countries Spain, United States	Number of Publications 12
Rank 15	Countries Sweden, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 12
Rank 21	Countries Denmark, United States	Number of Publications 10
Rank 21	Countries Italy, Netherlands	Number of Publications 10
Rank 23	Countries New Zealand, United States	Number of Publications 9
Rank 24	Countries France, Germany	Number of Publications 8
Rank 24	Countries Germany, Italy	Number of Publications 8
Rank 24	Countries Israel, United States	Number of Publications 8
Rank 24	Countries Italy, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 8
Rank 28	Countries Belgium, United States	Number of Publications 7
Rank 28	Countries France, Italy	Number of Publications 7
Rank 28	Countries France, Netherlands	Number of Publications 7
Rank 28	Countries Italy, New Zealand	Number of Publications 7
Rank 28	Countries Korea, Republic of, United States	Number of Publications 7
Rank 28	Countries Poland, United States	Number of Publications 7
Rank 28	Countries Switzerland, United States	Number of Publications 7
Rank 35	Countries Belgium, France	Number of Publications 6
Rank 35	Countries Belgium, Germany	Number of Publications 6
Rank 35	Countries France, Sweden	Number of Publications 6
Rank 35	Countries Ireland, United States	Number of Publications 6
Rank 35	Countries Israel, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 6
Rank 35	Countries Norway, United States	Number of Publications 6
Rank 35	Countries Turkey, United States	Number of Publications 6
Rank 42	Countries Australia, Canada	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Australia, France	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Australia, Germany	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Belgium, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Canada, Italy	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Ireland, Netherlands	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Ireland, Portugal	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Japan, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Norway, Sweden	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Norway, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Portugal, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Spain, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 5
Rank 42	Countries Taiwan, Province of China, United States	Number of Publications 5
Rank 55	Countries Belgium, Canada	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Canada, Germany	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Canada, Netherlands	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Canada, Sweden	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Denmark, Germany	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Denmark, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Finland, United States	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Germany, Ireland	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Greece, United States	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Italy, Sweden	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Japan, United States	Number of Publications 4
Rank 55	Countries Netherlands, Sweden	Number of Publications 4
Rank 67	Countries Australia, Belgium	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Australia, Netherlands	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Australia, Sweden	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Belgium, Denmark	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Belgium, Italy	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Brazil, United States	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Canada, Ireland	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Denmark, Netherlands	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries France, Ireland	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Germany, Sweden	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Greece, Italy	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Greece, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries India, United States	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Ireland, Italy	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Italy, Portugal	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Italy, Spain	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Japan, Russian Federation	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Netherlands, New Zealand	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Netherlands, Portugal	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries New Zealand, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Portugal, United States	Number of Publications 3
Rank 67	Countries Switzerland, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 3
Rank 89	Countries Australia, Italy	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Australia, New Zealand	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Austria, Germany	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Austria, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Austria, United States	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Belgium, Israel	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Belgium, Sweden	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Belgium, Switzerland	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Brazil, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Canada, Greece	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Canada, Portugal	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Chile, United States	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Czech Republic, United States	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries France, Greece	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries France, Norway	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries France, Portugal	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries France, Switzerland	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Germany, Greece	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Germany, Portugal	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Germany, Spain	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Germany, Switzerland	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Greece, Ireland	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Greece, Netherlands	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Greece, Portugal	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Greece, Sweden	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Hungary, Romania	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Ireland, Israel	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Ireland, Sweden	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Israel, Italy	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Italy, Norway	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Japan, Netherlands	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Portugal, Sweden	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Russian Federation, United States	Number of Publications 2
Rank 89	Countries Thailand, United States	Number of Publications 2
Rank 123	Countries Argentina, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Australia, India	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Australia, Ireland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Australia, Israel	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Australia, Mexico	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Australia, Turkey	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Austria, Belgium	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Austria, Denmark	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Austria, Netherlands	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Belgium, Brazil	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Belgium, Chile	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Belgium, Ireland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Belgium, Lithuania	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Belgium, Portugal	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Belgium, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Brazil, Canada	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Brazil, Netherlands	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Brazil, Russian Federation	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Brazil, Sweden	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Brazil, Thailand	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Chile	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Egypt	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Iran, Islamic Republic of	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Israel	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Korea, Republic of	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Kuwait	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Pakistan	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Romania	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Canada, Switzerland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Chile, Germany	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Chile, Israel	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Chile, Italy	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries China, Finland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries China, Japan	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries China, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries China, Turkey	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Croatia, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Croatia, United States	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Czech Republic, France	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Czech Republic, Italy	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Czech Republic, Poland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, France	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, Ireland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, Israel	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, Norway	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, Portugal	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, Slovenia	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, Sweden	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Denmark, Switzerland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Egypt, Switzerland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Finland, Germany	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Finland, Italy	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Finland, Netherlands	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Finland, Norway	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Finland, Sweden	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Finland, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries France, India	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries France, Japan	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries France, Taiwan, Province of China	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries France, Tunisia	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Germany, India	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Germany, Israel	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Germany, Japan	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Hungary, Japan	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Hungary, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Hungary, United States	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Iceland, Norway	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Iceland, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Iceland, United States	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries India, Japan	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries India, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Iran, Islamic Republic of, United States	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Ireland, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Israel, Netherlands	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Israel, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Israel, Switzerland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Italy, Japan	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Italy, Korea, Republic of	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Italy, Russian Federation	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Italy, Switzerland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Japan, Korea, Republic of	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Japan, New Zealand	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Japan, Poland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Korea, Republic of, Russian Federation	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Lithuania, Netherlands	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Lithuania, Portugal	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Mexico, United States	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Netherlands, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Netherlands, Switzerland	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Pakistan, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Poland, United Kingdom	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Portugal, Spain	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Saudi Arabia, South Africa	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Saudi Arabia, United States	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Singapore, United States	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Slovenia, United States	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Spain, Sweden	Number of Publications 1
Rank 123	Countries Spain, Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of	Number of Publications 1

Appendix VII: 2010 ASD Publication Counts by Country

[ Download Excel version of the table ]

Author Country	Primary Research Publications	Secondary Research Publications	Total Publications
Author Country United States	Primary Research Publications 791	Secondary Research Publications 249	Total Publications 1040
Author Country United Kingdom	Primary Research Publications 227	Secondary Research Publications 60	Total Publications 287
Author Country Canada	Primary Research Publications 107	Secondary Research Publications 30	Total Publications 137
Author Country Netherlands	Primary Research Publications 81	Secondary Research Publications 16	Total Publications 97
Author Country Italy	Primary Research Publications 65	Secondary Research Publications 21	Total Publications 86
Author Country France	Primary Research Publications 65	Secondary Research Publications 13	Total Publications 78
Author Country Australia	Primary Research Publications 64	Secondary Research Publications 21	Total Publications 85
Author Country Germany	Primary Research Publications 64	Secondary Research Publications 9	Total Publications 73
Author Country Japan	Primary Research Publications 63	Secondary Research Publications 6	Total Publications 69
Author Country Sweden	Primary Research Publications 51	Secondary Research Publications 8	Total Publications 59
Author Country Turkey	Primary Research Publications 32	Secondary Research Publications 2	Total Publications 34
Author Country Israel	Primary Research Publications 30	Secondary Research Publications 5	Total Publications 35
Author Country China	Primary Research Publications 27	Secondary Research Publications 4	Total Publications 31
Author Country Belgium	Primary Research Publications 25	Secondary Research Publications 4	Total Publications 29
Author Country Spain	Primary Research Publications 25	Secondary Research Publications 4	Total Publications 29
Author Country Ireland	Primary Research Publications 23	Secondary Research Publications 2	Total Publications 25
Author Country Taiwan, Province of China	Primary Research Publications 19	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 20
Author Country Norway	Primary Research Publications 18	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 19
Author Country Denmark	Primary Research Publications 18	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 19
Author Country Poland	Primary Research Publications 16	Secondary Research Publications 5	Total Publications 21
Author Country Brazil	Primary Research Publications 15	Secondary Research Publications 4	Total Publications 19
Author Country Korea, Republic of	Primary Research Publications 14	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 14
Author Country India	Primary Research Publications 11	Secondary Research Publications 6	Total Publications 17
Author Country Switzerland	Primary Research Publications 11	Secondary Research Publications 5	Total Publications 16
Author Country New Zealand	Primary Research Publications 11	Secondary Research Publications 3	Total Publications 14
Author Country Portugal	Primary Research Publications 11	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 12
Author Country Russian Federation	Primary Research Publications 9	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 10
Author Country Finland	Primary Research Publications 9	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 9
Author Country Greece	Primary Research Publications 8	Secondary Research Publications 2	Total Publications 10
Author Country Iran, Islamic Republic of	Primary Research Publications 6	Secondary Research Publications 4	Total Publications 10
Author Country Egypt	Primary Research Publications 6	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 6
Author Country Austria	Primary Research Publications 5	Secondary Research Publications 2	Total Publications 7
Author Country Croatia	Primary Research Publications 4	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 5
Author Country Czech Republic	Primary Research Publications 4	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 5
Author Country Saudi Arabia	Primary Research Publications 4	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 5
Author Country Chile	Primary Research Publications 4	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 5
Author Country Hungary	Primary Research Publications 4	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 4
Author Country Mexico	Primary Research Publications 4	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 4
Author Country Romania	Primary Research Publications 3	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 3
Author Country Slovakia	Primary Research Publications 3	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 3
Author Country South Africa	Primary Research Publications 3	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 3
Author Country Iceland	Primary Research Publications 3	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 3
Author Country Singapore	Primary Research Publications 2	Secondary Research Publications 2	Total Publications 4
Author Country Thailand	Primary Research Publications 2	Secondary Research Publications 2	Total Publications 4
Author Country Tunisia	Primary Research Publications 2	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 3
Author Country Slovenia	Primary Research Publications 1	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 1
Author Country Pakistan	Primary Research Publications 1	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 1
Author Country Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of	Primary Research Publications 1	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 1
Author Country Bahrain	Primary Research Publications 1	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 1
Author Country Nigeria	Primary Research Publications 1	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 1
Author Country Lithuania	Primary Research Publications 1	Secondary Research Publications 0	Total Publications 1
Author Country Argentina	Primary Research Publications 0	Secondary Research Publications 3	Total Publications 3
Author Country Serbia & Montenegro	Primary Research Publications 0	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 1
Author Country Colombia	Primary Research Publications 0	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 1
Author Country Malaysia	Primary Research Publications 0	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 1
Author Country Kuwait	Primary Research Publications 0	Secondary Research Publications 1	Total Publications 1

Appendix VIII: Methodology for Calculating World Share of Autism Research Publications

Publications are counted on a "whole-count basis," where each collaborating country on a given publication was credited one count. For example, if there are three authors listed on a publication, two from the US and one from UK, the publication would be counted twice, once for the US and once for the UK. To determine the country's annual share, each country's count is divided by the total number of publications in that year. This method shows the full contribution of each country without penalizing for international collaboration.

An alternative method is the fractional approach, where each participating country receives a fraction of the count. Using this approach would be appropriate for other types of analyses in which the purpose is to highlight countries that publish singly versus those that publish mainly as a result of international collaborations. A fractional approach would show a lower volume for countries that publish only collaboratively and would not accurately reflect the total number of publications from each country as intended in the current analysis. In 2010, approximately 20% of ASD research articles result from international collaborations, and the whole count methodology works well for the ASD field at its current stage, but in the future, if the field becomes increasingly collaborative across international borders, the fractional count method may be more useful.

Copyright Information
All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced, copied, or used in presentations and publications. A suggested citation follows.

Suggested Citation
Office of Autism Research Coordination (OARC), National Institute of Mental Health and Thomson Reuters, Inc. on behalf of the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). IACC/OARC Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Publications Analysis Report: The Global Landscape of Autism Research. July 2012. Retrieved from the Department of Health and Human Services Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee website: http://iacc.hhs.gov/publications-analysis/july2012/index.shtml