References

¹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. December 18, 2009;58(SS-10):1-20. [PMID: 20023608]

² Montes G, Halterman JS. Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income. Pediatrics. April 2008;121(4):e821-6. [PMID: 18381511]

³ Ganz ML. The lifetime distribution of the incremental societal costs of autism. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. April 2007;161(4):343–9. [PMID: 17404130]

⁴ Knapp M, Romeo R, Beecham J. Economic cost of autism in the UK. Autism. May 2009;13(3):317-336. [PMID: 19369391]

⁵ This section has been updated to include information about the 2011 Strategic Plan completed on January 18, 2011.

⁶ This section has been revised to include information about the IACC Summary of Advances in Autism Spectrum Disorder Research: Calendar Year 2010. Released in April 2011.

⁷ Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). 2009 IACC Strategic Plan for Autism Spectrum Disorder Research. January 26, 2009.

⁸ Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). 2010 IACC Strategic Plan for Autism Spectrum Disorder Research. January 19, 2010.

⁹ The total budget figure for the 2010 IACC Strategic Plan has been revised in this edition of the Report to Congress.

¹⁰ Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). 2011 IACC Strategic Plan for Autism Spectrum Disorder Research. January 18, 2011.

¹¹ Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). IACC Summary of Advances in Autism Spectrum Disorder Research: Calendar Year 2009. April 2010.

¹² Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). IACC Summary of Advances in Autism Spectrum Disorder Research: Calendar Year 2010. April 2011.

¹³ Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). 2008 IACC Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Portfolio Analysis Report. April 30, 2010.

¹⁴ The NIH project number stated here reflects unique NIH projects. For the purposes of the 2008 IACC Portfolio Analysis of ASD Research, in cases where a single research project was funded by more than one NIH institute ("co-funded"), the co-funds were combined and only counted as a single project. This approach differs from that used in the NIH RePORTER system, where each co-fund is counted as a separate project so that individual institute spending can be tracked.The official NIH project number from the RePORT website for 2008, in which institute co-funds for ASD projects are each counted separately, is 421 projects.

¹⁵ Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). 2009 IACC Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Portfolio Analysis Report (Draft). (PDF - 1.7MB). October 22, 2010.

¹⁶ Young J, Corea C, Kimani J, Mandell D. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) Services: Final Report on Environmental Scan. (PDF - 2.44 MB) Prepared for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, United States Department of Health and Human Services. March 9, 2010.

¹⁷ Mauch D, Pfefferle S, Booker C, Pustell M, Levin J. Prepared for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, United States Department of Health and Human Services. Report on State Services to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). April 1, 2011.

¹⁸ This section has been revised to provide additional information about the CMS nine-State study, Report on State Services to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

¹⁹ A previous version of the report contained an error in the NIH entities represented on the NIH ACC. The report has since been updated to accurately reflect membership.

²⁰ This information was updated with actual FY 2010 budget figures released by NIH in early 2011. Source: the NIH RePORT website categorical spending page.

²¹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports Surveillance Summaries. February 9, 2007; 56(SS-1): 1-11. [PMID: 17287714]

²² Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports Surveillance Summaries. February 9, 2007; 56(SS-1): 12-28. [PMID: 17287715]

²³ Durkin MS, Maenner MJ, Meaney FJ, Levy SE, Diguiseppi C, Nicholas JS, Kirby RS, Pinto-Martin JA, Schieve LA. Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a U.S. cross-sectional study. PLoS One. July 2010. 12;5(7):e 11551. [PMID: 20634960]

²⁴ Shekelle P, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Mojica WA, Carter J, Rolon C, Hilton L, Zhou A, Chen S, Glassman P, Newberry S. Efficacy and Comparative Effectiveness of Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), Report No.: 07-EHC003-EF. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. January 2007. [PMID: 20704049]

²⁵ Gerhard T, Chavez B, Olfson M, Crystal S. National patterns in the outpatient pharmacological management of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. June 2009;29(3):307-310. [PMID: 19440093]

²⁶ This section has been revised for clarity.

²⁷ Chung S, Danielson J, Shannon M. School-Based Emergency Preparedness: A National Analysis and Recommended Protocol. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. AHRQ Publication No. 09-0013, January 2009.

²⁸ Dawson G, Rogers S, Munson J, Smith M, Winter J, Greenson J, Donaldson A, Varley J. Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics. January 2010;125(1):e17-23. [PMID: 19948568]

²⁹ McDougle CJ, Scahill L, Aman MG, McCracken JT, Tierney E, Davies M, Arnold LE, Posey DJ, Martin A, Ghuman JK, Shah B, Chuang SZ, Swiezy NB, Gonzalez NM, Hollway J, Koenig K, McGough JJ, Ritz L, Vitiello B. Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: results from the study by the autism network of the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology. American Journal of Psychiatry. June 2005;162(6):1142-8. [PMID: 15930063]

³⁰ Aman MG, Hollway JA, McDougle CJ, Scahill L, Tierney E, McCracken JT, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Gavaletz A, Cronin P, Swiezy N, Wheeler C, Koenig K, Ghuman JK, Posey DJ. [Cognitive effects of risperidone in children with autism and irritable behavior. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. June 2008;18(3):227-36. [PMID: 18582177]

³¹ This section was revised to add information about a follow-up study of risperidone (Aman et al., 2008).

³² Aman MG, McDougle CJ, Scahill L, Handen B, Arnold LE, Johnson C, Stigler KA, Bearss K, Butter E, Swiezy NB, Sukhodolsky DD, Ramadan Y, Pozdol SL, Nikolov R, Lecavalier L, Kohn AE, Koenig K, Hollway JA, Korzekwa P, Gavaletz A, Mulick JA, Hall KL, Dziura J, Ritz L, Trollinger S, Yu S, Vitiello B, Wagner A; the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavior problems: results from a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. December 2009;48(12):1143-1154. [PMID: 19858761]

³³ Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Archives of General Psychiatry. November 2005;62(11):1266-74. [PMID: 16275814]

³⁴ Posey DJ, Aman MG, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Tierney E, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Chuang SZ, Davies M, Ramadan Y, Witwer AN, Swiezy NB, Cronin P, Shah B, Carroll DH, Young C, Wheeler C, McDougle CJ. Positive effects of methylphenidate on inattention and hyperactivity in pervasive developmental disorders: an analysis of secondary measures. Biological Psychiatry. February 15, 2007;61(4):538-44. [PMID: 1726750]

³⁵ This section was revised to add information about a secondary study of methylphenidate (Posey et al., 2007).

³⁶ King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Bregman JD, Donnelly CL, Anagnostou E, Dukes K, Sullivan L, Hirtz D, Wagner A, Ritz L: STAART Psychopharmacology Network. Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry. June 2009;66(6):583-90. [PMID: 19487623]

³⁷ Hediger ML, England LJ, Molloy CA, Yu KF, Manning-Courtney P, Mills JL. Reduced bone cortical thickness in boys with autism or autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. May 2008;38(5):848-56. [PMID:17879151]

³⁸ Hollander E, Chaplin W, Soorya L, Wasserman S, Novotny S, Rusoff J, Feirsen N, Pepa L, Anagnostou E. Divalproex sodium vs placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. March 2010;35(4):990-98. [PMID: 20010551]

³⁹ Laugeson EA, Frankel F, Mogil C, Dillon AR. Parent-assisted social skills training to improve friendships in teens with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. April 2009;39(4):596-606. [PMID: 19015968]

⁴⁰ Wood JJ, Drahota A, Sze K, Har K, Chiu A, Langer DA. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. March 2009;50(3):224-34. [PMID: 19309326]

⁴¹ This section was added to the report to provide information about SAMHSA's "Supported Employment"

Appendix i. CDC-supported Autism Publications (January 2006 to February 2011)

Atladóttir HO, Thorsen P, Schendel DE, Østergaard L, Lemcke S, Parner ET. Association of hospitalization for infection in childhood with diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders: a Danish cohort study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. May 2010; 164(5):470-7. [PMID:20439799]

Atladóttir HO, Parner ET, Dalsgaard S, Schendel D, Thomsen PH, Thorsen P. Variation in incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders with season of birth: an evaluation of four childhood-onset neuropsychiatric conditions. Epidemiology. March 2007;18(2):240-245. [PMID: 117202868]

Atladóttir HO, Parner ET, Schendel D, Dalsgaard S, Thomsen PH, Thorsen P. Time trends in reported diagnoses of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders: a Danish cohort study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.February 2007;161(2):193-198. [PMID: 17283306]

Avchen, R., Wiggins, L.D., Devine, O., Van Naarden-Braun, K., Rice, C., Hobson, N., Schendel, D., Yeargin-Allsopp, M. Evaluation of a records-review surveillance system used to determine the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. February 2011;41(2):227-36. [PMID:20568003]

Bhasin Karapurkar T, Schendel D. Sociodemographic risk factors for autism in a U.S. metropolitan area. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. April 2007;37(4):667-677. [PMID: 16951989]

Bilder D, Pinborough-Zimmerman J, Miller J, McMahon W. Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors associated with autism spectrum. Pediatrics. May 2009;123(5):1293-1300. [PMID: 19403494]

Boulet SL, Boyle CA, Schieve LA. Health care use and health and functional impact of developmental disabilities among U.S. children, 1997-2005. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. January 2009;163(1):19-26. [PMID: 19124699]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. February 9, 2007;56(SS-01):1-11. [PMID: 17287714]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. February 9, 2007;56(SS-01):12-28. [PMID: 17287715]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Brief Update: Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) --- Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network, United States, 2004. Moribidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. December 18, 2009;58(SS-10):21-24.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. December 18, 2009;58(Vol. 10):1-20. [PMID: 20023608]

Durkin MS, Maenner MJ, Meaney FJ, Levy SE, Diguiseppi C, Nicholas JS, Kirby RS, Pinto-Martin JA, Schieve LA. Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a U.S. cross-sectional study. PLoS One. July 12, 2010;5(7):e 11551. [PMID: 20634960]

Durkin MS, Maenner MJ, Newschaffer CJ, Lee LC, Cunniff CM, Daniels JL, Kirby RS, Leavitt L, Miller L, Zahorodny W, Schieve LA. Advanced parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology. December 2008;168(11):1268-76. [PMID: 18945690]

Giarelli E, Wiggins LD, Rice CE, Levy SE, Kirby, RS, Pinto-Martin J, Mandell D. Sex differences in the evaluation and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders among children. Disability and Health Journal. April 2010;3(2):107-116. [PMID: 21122776]

Grinker, RR, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Boyle, C. Culture and ASD: Impact on prevalence and recognition. Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford UK: Oxford Press (in press).

Gupta VB, Hyman SL, Johnson CP, Bryant J, Byers B, Kallen R, Levy SE, Myers SM, Rosenblatt AI, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Identifying children with autism early? Pediatrics. January 2007;119(1):152-153. [PMID: 17200280]

Hilton CL, Fitzgerald RT, Jackson KM, Maxim RA, Bosworth CC, Shattuck PT, Geschwind DH, Constantino JN. Brief report: Under-representation of African-Americans in autism genetic research: a rationale for inclusion of subjects representing diverse family structures. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. May 2010;40(5):633-9. [PMID: 19936905]

Hvidtjørn D, Grove J, Schendel D, Schieve L, Svaerke C, Ernst E, Thorsen P. Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in children born after assisted conception. A population-based follow-up study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. June 27, 2010. [PMID: 20584728]

Hvidtjørn D, Schieve L, Schendel D, Jacobsson B, Svaerke C, Thorsen P. Cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in children born after Artificial Reproductive Techniques: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. January 2009; 163(1):72-83. [PMID: 19124707]

Kalkbrenner AE, Daniels JL, Chen JC, Poole C, Emch M, Morrissey J. Perinatal exposure to hazardous air pollutants and autism spectrum disorders at age 8. Epidemiology. September 2010; 21(5):631-641. [PMID: 20562626]

Lauritsen M, Jorgensen M, Madsen K, Lemcke S, Toft S, Grove J, Schendel D, Thorsen P. Validity of childhood autism in the Danish psychiatric central register - findings from a cohort sample born 1990-1999. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. February 2010; 40(2):139-148. [PMID: 19728067]

Levy S, Giarelli E, Lee L, Schieve L, Kirby R, Cunniff C, Nicholas J, Rice C. Autism spectrum disorders and co-occurring developmental, psychiatric, and medical conditions among children in multiple populations of the United States. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. May 2010; 31(4): 267-275. [PMID: 20431403]

Maimburg RD, Vaeth M, Schendal DE, Hammer Bech B, Thorsen P. Neonatal jaundice: a risk factor for infantile autism? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2008;22(6):562-568. [PMID: 19000294]

Mandell D, Wiggins L, Carpenter L, Daniels J, DiGuiseppi C, Durkin M, Giarelli E, Morrier M, Nichols J, Pinto-Martin J, Shattuck P, Thomas K, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Kirby R. Racial/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public Health. March 2009;99(3):493-8. [PMID: 19106426]

Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels JL, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Kaparich KD, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Ratchford AM, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Robinson C, Rosenburg SA, Schendel DE, Windham GC. The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annual Review of Public Health. 2007;28:235-258. [PMID:17367287]

Nicholas JA, Charles JM, Carpenter LA, King LB, Jenner W, Spratt EG. Prevalence and characteristics of children with autism-spectrum disorders. Annals of Epidemiology. February 2008;18(2):130-136. [PMID:18083540]

Nicholas JA, Carpenter LA, King LB, Jenner W, Charles J. Autism spectrum disorders in preschool-aged children: prevalence and comparison to a school-aged population. Annals of Epidemiology. November 2009;19(11):808-814. [PMID: 19541501]

Parner E, Schendel D, Thorsen P. Autism prevalence trends over time in Denmark: changes in prevalence and age at diagnosis. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. December 2008;162(12):1150-1156.[PMID: 19047542]

Peacock G, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence and vaccines. Pediatric Annals. January 2009;38(1):22-5. [PMID: 19213289]

Pinborough-Zimmerman J, Bilder D, Satterfield R, Hossain S, McMahon W. The impact of surveillance method and record source on autism prevalence: collaboration with Utah Maternal and Child Health Programs. Maternal and Child Health Journal. May 2010; 14(3):392-400. [PMID: 19475366]

Rice C, Nicholas J, Baio J, Pettygrove S, Lee L, Van Naarden Braun K, Doernberg N, Cunniff C, Newschaffer C, Meaney FJ, Charles J, Washington A, King L, Kolotos M, Mancilla K, Mervis CA, Carpenter L, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Changes in autism spectrum disorder prevalence in 4 areas of the United States. Disability and Health Journal. July 2010; 3(3):186-201. [PMID: 21122784]

Rice C, Baio J, Van Naarden Braun K, Doernberg N, Meaney FJ, Kirby R, for the ADDM Network. A public health collaboration for the surveillance of autism spectrum disorders. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. March 2007;21(2):179-190. [PMID: 17302648]

Schendel D. Invited commentary: autism prevalence following prenatal exposure to hurricanes and tropical storms in Louisiana. Evidence Based Mental Health. February 2008;11(1):32.

Schendel D, Bhasin Karapurkar T. Birth weight and gestational age characteristics of children with autism, including a comparison with other developmental disabilities. Pediatrics.2008;121(6):1155-64. [PMID: 18519485]

Schieve LA, Baio J, Rice CE, Durkin M, Kirby RS, Drews-Botsch C, Miller LA, Nicholas JS, Cunniff C. Risk for cognitive deficit in a population-based sample of U.S. children with autism spectrum disorders: Variation by perinatal health factors. Disability and Health Journal. July 2010; 3(3):202-212. [PMID: 21122785]

Schieve LA, Blumberg SJ, Visser SN, Rice C, Boyle C. The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics. February 2007;119;S114-S121. [PMID: 17272578]

Schieve LA, Rice C, Boyle C, Visser SN, Blumberg SJ. Mental health in the United States: Parental report of diagnosed autism in children aged 4-17 years--United States, 2003-2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. May 5, 2006;55(17):481-486. [PMID: 16675944]

Shattuck PT, Durkin M, Maenner M, Newschaffer C, Mandell DS, Wiggins L, Lee LC, Rice C, Giarelli E, Kirby R, Baio J, Pinto-Martin J, Cuniff C. Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: findings from a population-based surveillance study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. May 2009;48(5):474-83. [PMID: 19318992]

Shattuck PT, Grosse SD. Issues related to the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2007;13(2):129-135. [PMID: 17563895]

Shattuck PJ, Grosse SD, Parish SL, Bier D. Utilization of a Medicaid-funded intervention for children with autism. Psychiatric Services. April 2009;60(4):549-552. [PMID: 19339334]

Shimabukuro TS, Grosse SD, Rice C. Medical expenditures for children with autism in a privately insured population. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders. 2008;38(3):546-552. [PMID: 17690969]

Tang YL, Guo Y, Lee LC, Rice CE, Wang YF, Cubells JF, Wu YY. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)--A Standardized direct observation assessment for autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Psychiatry. 2010:37(1). Please note that this publication is in Mandarin Chinese.

Van Naarden Braun K, Pettygrove S, Daniels J, Miller L, Nicholas J, Baio J, Schieve L, Kirby R, Washington A, Brocksen S, Rahbar H, Rice C.; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation of a methodology for collaborative multiple source surveillance network for autism spectrum disorders--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. February 9, 2007;56(SS-01): 29-40. [PMID: 17287716].

Wetherby AM, Brosnan-Maddox S, Peace V, Newton L. Validation of the Infant–Toddler Checklist as a broadband screener for autism spectrum disorders from 9 to 24 months of age. Autism. September 2008;12(5):487-511. [PMID: 18805944]

Wiggins, LD, Bakeman, R, Adamson, L, Robins, DL. (2007). The utility of the Social Communication Questionnaire in screening for autism spectrum disorders in children referred for early intervention. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. February 2007; 22(1):33-38.

Wiggins, LD, Rice, CE, Baio, J. (2009). Developmental regression in children with an autism spectrum disorder identified by a population-based surveillance system. Autism. July 2009;13(4):357-374. [PMID: 19535466]

Wiggins, LD, Robins, DL. (2008). Brief report: Excluding the ADI-R behavioral domain improves diagnostic agreement in toddlers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. May 2008;38(5):972-976. [PMID: 17879150]

Wiggins, LD, Robins, D, Bakeman, R, Adamson, L. Brief report: sensory abnormalities as distinguishing symptoms of autism spectrum disorders in young children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2009;39(7):1087-1091. [PMID: 19283461]

Wiggins LD, Biao J, Rice C. Examination of the time between first evaluation and first autism spectrum diagnosis in a population-based sample. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2006;27(1):S79-S87. [PMID: 16685189]

Yeargin-Allsopp M. Book review: The neurology of autism. Edited by Mary Coleman. New England Journal of Medicine. May 18, 2006;354(20):2197-98.

Yeargin-Allsopp M. Commentary: Williams E, Thomas K, Sidebothan H, Emond A. The prevalence and characteristics of autistic spectrum disorders in the ALSPAC cohort. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. August 14, 2008;50(9):646. [PMID: 18754911]